Why Environmental Studies? [1] Go

The Design and Use of This Book [6] Go

Overture: Nature and Human Perception [9] Go

• Martin Buber, "I Contemplate a Tree” in I and Thou (1923) [9] Go

PART ONE Concepts and Case Studies

• Keystone Essay: Aldo Leopold, “The Fusion of Lines of Thought” (1935?) [13] Go
• Keystone Essay: Gifford Pinchot, from “The Birth of Conservation” in Breaking New Ground (published posthumously, 1947) [13] Go

Chapter 1. Climate Shock [17] Go

Readings:

• John Houghton, from “The Greenhouse Effect” in Global Warming: The Complete Briefing (1997) [22] Go
• Thomas R. Karl and Kevin E. Trenberth, “Modern Global Climate Change” (2003) [25] Go
• John Gribbin, from “Earth’s Temperature Trends,” “CO2 and Ice Ages,” and “Oceans and Climate” in Hothouse Earth: The Greenhouse Effect and Gaia (1990) [34] Go
• Seamus Heaney, “Höfn” (2004) [49] Go

Chapter 2. Species in Danger: Three Case Studies [50] Go

Readings for IVORY AND ELEPHANTS:

• Mafaniso Hara, from International Trade in Ivory from the African Elephant: Issues Surrounding the CITES Ban (1997) [53] Go
• Philip Muruthi, Mark Stanley Price, Pritpal Soorae, Cynthia Moss, and Annette Lanjouw, from “Conservation of Large Mammals in Africa: What Lessons and Challenges for the Future?” (2000) [60] Go

Readings for IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER:

• David Wagoner, “The Author of American Ornithology Sketches a Bird, Now Extinct” (1979) [63] Go
• Jonathan Rosen, from “The Ghost Bird” (2001) [65] Go
• United States Fish and Wildlife Service, “Recovery Outline for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker” (2005) [68] Go

Readings for THE BROWN TREE SNAKE AND THE AVIAN FAUNA OF GUAM:

• Alan Burdick, from “It’s Not the Only Alien Invader” (1994) [70] Go
• Julie Savidge, from “Extinction of an Island Forest Avifauna by an Introduced Snake” (1987) [76] Go

Chapter 3. Nuclear Power: Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and the Future [83] Go

Readings:

• John Jagger, from The Nuclear Lion (1991) [86] Go
• L. Ray Silver, from Fallout from Chernobyl (1987) [91] Go
• David R. Marples, from “Introduction” to No Breathing Room: The Aftermath of Chernobyl by Grigori Medvedev (1993) [97] Go
• Charles Perrow, from Normal Accidents (1984) [102] Go
• Hans Blix, from “Nuclear Power and the Environment” (1989) [107] Go

Chapter 4. Biotechnology and Genetically Manipulated Organisms: Bt Corn and the Monarch Butterfly [117] Go

Readings:

• Paul C. Mangelsdorf, from “Modern Breeding Techniques” in Corn: Its Origin, Evolution, and Improvement (1974) [119] Go
• John E. Losey, Linda S. Raynor, and Maureen E. Carter, “Transgenic Pollen Harms Monarch Larvae” (1999) [124] Go
• Lincoln Brower, from “Canary in the Cornfield: The Monarch and the Bt Corn Controversy” (2001) [126] Go
• Molly Lesher, “Seeds of Change” (2004) [131] Go

Chapter 5. The Paradox of Sustainable Development [138] Go

Readings:

• World Commission on Environment and Development, from Our Common Future (1987) [142] Go
• Sharachchandra Lélé, from “Sustainable Development: A Critical Review” (1991) [144] Go
• Mathis Wackernagel and William E. Rees, from Our Ecological Footprint (1996) [152] Go
• J. C. Kumarappa, from “Standards of Living” in The Economy of Permanence (1945) [157] Go
• Joseph Tainter, from The Collapse of Complex Societies (1988) [161] Go
• John Clare, from “The Lament of Swordy Well” (1832–37) [166] Go

6. Deforestation [172] Go

Readings:

• Michael Williams, from Americans and Their Forests (1989) [174] Go
• George M. Woodwell, from “Forests at the End of the Second Millennium” in Forests in a Full World (2001) [178] Go
• Robert Pogue Harrison, from Forests: The Shadow of Civilization (1992) [183] Go
• Alexis de Tocqueville, from Democracy in America (1835– 40), translated by Henry Reeve [186] Go
• John Muir, from “Save the Redwoods” (published posthumously, 1920) [188] Go
• William Dietrich, from “The Cutter” in The Final Forest: The Battle for the Last Great Trees of the Pacific Northwest (1992) [190] Go
• Robert K. Anderberg, “Wall Street Sleaze: How the Hostile Takeover of Pacific Lumber Led to the Clear-Cutting of Coastal Redwoods” (1988) [193] Go
• Elizabeth Bishop, “Brazil, January 1, 1502” (1965) [196] Go
• Ranee K. L. Panjabi, from The Earth Summit at Rio: Politics, Economics, and the Environment (1997) [198] Go
• Thomas K. Rudel with Bruce Horowitz, from Tropical Deforestation: Small Farmers and Land Clearing in the Ecuadorian Amazon (1993) [203] Go
• Charles M. Peters, Alwyn H. Gentry, and Robert O. Mendelsohn, “Valuation of an Amazonian Rainforest” (1989) [210] Go

Chapter 7. War and Peace: Security at Stake [213] Go

• Robert Kaplan, from “The Coming Anarchy” (1994) [216] Go
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “Water and Security in the Middle East” (1999) [225] Go
• Jeffrey A. McNeely, from “Biodiversity, War, and Tropical Forests”(2003) [227] Go
• Elizabeth L. Chalecki, from “A New Vigilance: Identifying and Reducing the Risks of Environmental Terrorism” (2002) [232] Go
• Amory B. Lovins and L. Hunter Lovins, “What Is Real Security?” (2002) [237] Go
• Jeremy Rifkin, from The Hydrogen Economy (2002) [240] Go
• Gordon West and John Wilson (U.S. Agency for International Development), from “The United States and the Iraqi Marshlands: An Environmental Response,” Testimony Before U.S. Congress (2004) [244] Go

Chapter 8. Globalization Is Environmental [248] Go

Readings:

• Thomas L. Friedman, “Politics for the Age of Globalization” from The Lexus and the Olive Tree (1999) [253] Go
• Paul Hawken, from “The WTO: Inside, Outside, All Around the World” (2000) [261] Go
• Arlene Wilson, from “The World Trade Organization: The Debate in the United States” (2000) [269] Go
• Vandana Shiva, from “Economic Globalization Has Become a War Against Nature and the Poor” (2000) [274] Go

Chapter 9. What Is Wilderness and Do We Need It? [280] Go

Readings:

• William Bradford, “A Hideous and Desolate Wilderness” from Journal
  (1620–35) [282] Go
• Henry David Thoreau, from “Walking” (1862) [284] Go
• Robert Marshall, “The Problem of the Wilderness” (1930) [288] Go
• Roderick Nash, from “The Value of Wilderness” (1977) [292] Go
• William Cronon, from “The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature” (1995) [299] Go
• Donald Waller, from “Getting Back to the Right Nature: A Reply to Cronon’s ‘The Trouble with Wilderness’” (1998) [305] Go
• Gary Snyder, “Trail Crew Camp at Bear Valley, 9000 Feet. Northern Sierra—White Bone and Threads of Snowmelt Water” (1968) [309] Go

Chapter 10. The Urban Environment: Calcutta and Los Angeles [311] Go

Readings:

• William Wordsworth, “London” from The Prelude, Book VII (1805) [313] Go
• World Commission on Environment and Development, from “The Urban Challenge” in Our Common Future (1987) [315] Go
• Anup Shah, from Ecology and the Crisis of Overpopulation: Future Prospects for Global Sustainability (1998) [320] Go
• Michael Carley and Philippe Spapens, from Sharing the World: Sustainable Living and Global Equity in the Twenty-first Century (1998) [323] Go
• Richard T. T. Forman, from Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions (1995) [324] Go
• Dominique Lapierre, from The City of Joy (1985), translated by Kathryn Spink [326] Go
• Manimanjari Mitra, from Calcutta in the Twentieth Century: An Urban Disaster (1990) [329] Go
• Mike Davis, from Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster (1998) [333] Go
• Marc Reisner, from Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (1993 [1986]) [342] Go
• Gary Snyder, “Night Song of the Los Angeles Basin” (1986) [348] Go

PART TWO Foundational Disciplines and Topics

I. BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 353 Go

• Keystone Essay: Thomas Berry, from “The Ecozoic Era” (1997), 356 Go

Chapter 11. Biodiversity and Conservation Biology [362] Go

Readings:

• The Bible, Genesis 1:20–31 [364] Go
• Peter M. Vitousek, Harold A. Mooney, Jane Lubchenco, and Jerry M. Mellilo, from “Human Domination of Earth’s Ecosystems” (1997) [365] Go
• Charles Darwin, from “Galapagos Archipelago” in Voyage of the Beagle (1845) [372] Go
• Edward O. Wilson, from “Biodiversity Reaches the Peak” in The Diversity of Life (1992) [375] Go
• William Cronon, from “The View from Walden” in Changes in the Land (1983) [377] Go
• Donald Worster, from “Thinking Like a River” in The Wealth of Nature (1993) [381] Go
• Mark Kurlansky, from “With Mouth Wide Open” in Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World (1997) [386] Go
• Michael E. Soulé, “What Is Conservation Biology?” (1985) [391] Go
• Charles Elton, from “The Invaders” in The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants (1958) [398] Go
• William R. Jordan III, from The Sunflower Forest (2003) [405] Go

Chapter 12. Soil and Agriculture [412] Go

Readings:

• Duane L. Winegardner, “The Fundamental Concept of Soil” in An Introduction to Soils for Environmental Professionals (1996) [415] Go
• Alfredo Sfeir-Younis and Andrew K. Dragun, from Land and Soil Management: Technology, Economics, and Institutions (1993) [418] Go
• Richard Manning, from “The Oil We Eat” (2004) [426] Go
• Richard Levins, “Science and Progress: Seven Developmentalist Myths in Agriculture” (1986) [434] Go
• Robert Stock, from “Agrarian Development and Change” in Africa South of the Sahara (2004) [439] Go
• Pablo Neruda, “Ode to Wine” (1954 –59), translated by James Engell [446] Go

Chapter 13. Air and Water [449] Go

Readings:

• John Seinfeld and Spyros Pandis, from Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (1998) [454] Go
• S. George Philander, from “The Ozone Hole, A Cautionary Tale” in Is the Temperature Rising? (1998) [468] Go
• Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland, “Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone” (1974) [472] Go
• Kathryn S. Brown, “The Ozone Layer: Burnt by the Sun Down Under” (1999) [476] Go
• Joshua I. Barzilay, Winkler G. Weinberg, and J. William Eley, from The Water We Drink: Water Quality and Its Effects on Health (1999) [478] Go
• World Health Organization and UNICEF, from Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report [483] Go
• Rodney R. White, from “Water Supply” in North, South and the Environmental Crisis (1993) [486] Go

Chapter 14. Energy [492] Go

Readings:

• National Commission on Energy Policy, from “Ending the Energy Stalemate: A Bipartisan Strategy to Meet America’s Energy Challenges” (2004) [497] Go
• Stephen Pacala and Robert Socolow, “Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next Fifty Years with Current Technologies” (2004) [507] Go
• Michael B. McElroy, from “Industrial Growth, Air Pollution, and Environmental Damage: Complex Challenges for China” (1998) [518] Go

Chapter 15. Toxicology [531] Go

Readings:

• Alice Hamilton, from Exploring the Dangerous Trades (1943) [535] Go
• Rachel Carson, from “And No Birds Sing” in Silent Spring (1962) [541] Go
• Tina Rosenberg, from “What the World Needs Now Is DDT” (2004) [549] Go
• Sharon Guynup, “Arctic Life Threatened by Toxic Chemicals,
  Groups Say” (2002) [551] Go

II. HUMAN DIMENSIONS [554] Go

• Keystone Essay: Rachel Carson, from “The Real World Around Us” (1954) [557] Go

Chapter 16. The Inner Life [560] Go

Readings:

• From Mundaka Upanishad, translated by Sanderson Beck [562] Go
• The Bible, Matthew 6:24–34 [565] Go
• Udana IV.5, “Naga Sutta” (“The Bull Elephant”), translated by John D. Ireland [565] Go
• From the Iroquois Creation Story, as told in David Cusick, Sketches of Ancient History of the Six Nations (1827) [567] Go
• Francis of Assisi, “The Canticle of Brother Sun” (twelfth-thirteenth century C.E.), translated by Benen Fahy, O.F.M. [569] Go
• Chief Seattle, from “Chief Seattle’s Speech” (reconstructed 1887 [1854]) [571] Go
• Lynn White, Jr., from “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis” in Machina Ex Deo: Essays in the Dynamism of Western Culture (1968) [573] Go
• Wendell Berry, from “The Gift of Good Land” in The Gift of Good Land (1981) [575] Go
• Seyyed Hossein Nasr, “Sacred Science and the Environmental Crisis— An Islamic Perspective” (1993) [580] Go
• Tu Wei-Ming, “The Continuity of Being: Chinese Visions of Nature” (1984) [584] Go
• Phyllis Windle, from “The Ecology of Grief” (1995) [589] Go

Readings:

• Kate Soper, from What Is Nature? Culture, Politics, and the Non-Human (1995) [596] Go
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, from “Formation and Transformation” (1817–24), translated by Bertha Mueller [602] Go
• Ralph Waldo Emerson, from Nature (1836) and from “The Method of Nature” (1841) [603] Go
• John Muir, from “Hetch Hetchy Valley” in The Yosemite (1912), 606 Go
• Aldo Leopold, from “The Land Ethic” in A Sand County Almanac (1949) [608] Go
• Richard Lewontin, from “Organism and Environment” (1982) [612] Go
• Carolyn Merchant, from “Gaia: Ecofeminism and the Earth” in Earthcare: Women and the Environment (1996) [616] Go

Readings:

• Lucretius, “Alma Venus” from De rerum natura (first century B.C.E.), translated by James Engell [624] Go
• Tu Fu, “A Traveler at Night Writes His Thoughts” (eighth century C.E.), translated by Burton Watson [625] Go
• Wang Wei, “Stopping by the Temple of Incense Massed” (eighth century C.E.), translated by Stephen Owen [626] Go
• Meng Jiao, “A Visit to the South Mountains” (eighth-ninth century C.E.), translated by Stephen Owen [627] Go
• Matsuo Basho, “You Summer Grasses!” and “Into the Old Pond” (seventeenth century C.E.), translated by Daniel C. Buchanan [628] Go
• Navajo Songs, from “Beautyway” (traditional) [629] Go
• William Wordsworth, “Nutting” (1798) [631] Go
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison” (1797) [634] Go
• Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Mont Blanc” (1816) [636] Go
• Robert Frost, “Spring Pools” (1928) [641] Go
• Wallace Stevens, “The Planet on the Table” (1953) [642] Go
• A. R. Ammons, “Corsons Inlet” (1965) [643] Go
• Mary Oliver, “The Kingfisher” (1990) [646] Go

Chapter 19. History and the Environment [649] Go

Readings:

• Donald Worster, from “Transformations of the Earth: Toward an Agroecological Perspective in History” (1990) [650] Go
• William Cronon, from “Modes of Prophecy and Production: Placing Nature in History” (1990) [654] Go
• Leo Marx, from “Sleepy Hollow, 1844” in The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (1964) [656] Go
• Lawrence Buell, from The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture (1995) [659] Go
• Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., from The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Patricia Nelson Limerick, from “Disorientation and Reorientation: The American Landscape Discovered from the West” in Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West (2000), 665 of 1492 (1972)[661] Go
• Samuel P. Hays in collaboration with Barbara D. Hays, from Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985 (1987) [668] Go

Readings:

• Matsuo Basho, from “Prose Poem on the Unreal Dwelling” (1691), translated by Donald Keene [678] Go
• J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, from Letters from an American Farmer (1782–84) [680] Go
• Gilbert White, from The Natural History and Antiquities of Selbourne in the County of Southampton (1789) [682] Go
• William Wordsworth, from Guide to the Lakes (1810) [684] Go
• Eliza Farnham, from Life in Prairie Land (1846) [685] Go
• Henry David Thoreau, from “The Bean-Field” in Walden (1854) and from “Ktaadn” (1848) in The Maine Woods (1864) [686] Go
• Aldo Leopold, from “Thinking Like a Mountain” in A Sand County Almanac (1949) [689] Go
• John Steinbeck, from The Log from the Sea of Cortez (1941, revised 1951) [692] Go
• Annie Dillard, “Teaching a Stone to Talk” (1982) [693] Go
• Gretel Ehrlich, from “On Water” in The Solace of Open Spaces (1985) [698] Go
• John Elder, from “Succession” in Reading the Mountains of Home (1998) [700] Go

III. SOCIAL CONNECTIONS [704] Go

• Keystone Essay: William O. Douglas, Dissenting Opinion in Sierra Club v. Morton(Mineral King), U.S. Supreme Court (1972) [706] Go

Chapter 21. Politics and Public Policy [710] Go

Readings:

• Ken Saro-Wiwa, from Genocide in Nigeria: The Ogoni Tragedy (1992) [712] Go
• Richard N. L. Andrews, from Managing the Environment, Managing Ourselves: A History of American Environmental Policy (1999) [715] Go
• Zygmunt J. B. Plater, Robert H. Abrams, William Goldfarb, and Robert L. Graham, from “The Three Economies” in Environmental Law and Policy: Nature, Law, and Society (1998) [727] Go
• David Pepper, from “Science and Society: Influencing the Answers Obtained” in Modern Environmentalism: An Introduction (1996) [730] Go
• Ranee K. L. Panjabi, from The Earth Summit at Rio: Politics, Economics, and the Environment (1997) [732] Go
• John Barry, from Rethinking Green Politics: Nature, Virtue, and Progress (1999) [735] Go
• Lee Quinby, from “Ecofeminism and the Politics of Resistance” (1990) [736] Go
• Cynthia Hamilton, “Women, Home, and Community: The Struggle in an Urban Environment” (1990) [738] Go

Chapter 22. Law and Environmental Justice [746] Go

Readings:

• Lynton Caldwell, from “Environmental Aspects of International Law” in International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions (1990) [748] Go
• C. M. Abraham and Sushila Abraham, from “The Bhopal Case and the Development of Environmental Law in India” (1991) [753]  Go
• Warren Burger, TVA v. Hill, U.S. Supreme Court (1978) [759] Go
• Antonin Scalia, Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, U.S. Supreme Court (1992) [764] Go
• Robert D. Bullard, from “Environmental Justice for All” in Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color (1994) [766] Go
• Christopher H. Foreman, Jr., from “Political and Policy Limitations of Environmental Justice” in The Promise and Peril of Environmental Justice (1998) [770] Go

Chapter 23. Economics [774] Go

Readings:

• Herman Daly, from Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development (1996) [777] Go
• Cutler J. Cleveland, Robert Costanza, Charles A. S. Hall, and Robert Kaufmann, from “Energy and the U.S. Economy: A Biophysical Perspective” (1984) [781] Go
• Theodore Panayotou, from Green Markets: The Economics of Sustainable Development (1993) [787] Go
• Thomas H. Tietenberg, from “Using Economic Incentives to Maintain Our Environment” (1990) [795] Go
• Robert Costanza, “Valuation of Ecosystems Services and Natural Capital” (1996) [798] Go
• Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, from Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (1999) [801] Go
• Garrett Hardin, from “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968) [805] Go

Chapter 24. Human Population [807] Go

Readings:

• Thomas R. Malthus, from An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798, revised 1826) [808] Go
• Anup Shah, from Ecology and the Crisis of Overpopulation: Future Prospects for Global Sustainability (1998) [811] Go
• Barry Commoner, from The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology (1971) [815] Go
• J. H. Parry, from The Spanish Seaborne Empire (1966) [818] Go
• Jared Diamond, from “Lethal Gift of Livestock” in Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (1997) [823] Go
• Joel E. Cohen, from How Many People Can the Earth Support? (1995) [827] Go

Chapter 25. Anthropology [831] Go

Readings:

• George Catlin, from Letters and Notes on the . . . North American Indians (1841) [834] Go
• Joe Kane, from “With Spears from All Sides” (1993) [837] Go
• Raymond Bonner, from “Whose Heritage Is It?” in At the Hand of Man (1993) [842] Go
• Helen Corbett, “The Rights of Indigenous Peoples” (1996) [849] Go
• Rigoberto Queme Chay, from “The Corn Men Have Not Forgotten Their Ancient Gods” (1993) [850] Go
• Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine, from “Where Have All the Languages Gone?” in Vanishing Voices (2000) [853] Go

CODA

Chapter 26. Conviction and Action [859]

The environment and environmental issues are complex, organically connected, and massively detailed. To understand them, and then to act in ways that will protect the environment, avert disasters, and maintain both global and human health, requires nothing less than a redefinition of what it means to be human. Any one program or statement is insufficient. A new environmental consciousness will alter daily habits, economic planning, politics, spiritual orientations, the dedication of educational efforts, and the direction of scientific thinking. Go

Readings:

• Scott Russell Sanders, “Buckeye” in Writing from the Center (1995) [862] Go
• Archie Carr, “A Dubious Future” (1963) in A Naturalist in Florida: A Celebration of Eden (1994) [867] Go
• David S. Wilcove and Thomas Eisner, “The Impending Extinction of Natural History” (2000) [872] Go
• David Orr, “Is Conservation Education an Oxymoron?” (1990) [875] Go
• Richard White, from “Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living?” (1995) [879] Go
• U.N. Convention on Environment and Development, Earth Charter Preamble (1991) [884] Go
• James Gustave Speth, from Red Sky at Morning: America and the Crisis of the Global Environment, A Citizen’s Agenda for Action (2004) [885] Go